Newtons Law Of Motion Computer Science Essay

In this assignment, I will larn about the result two that is Newton ‘s jurisprudence and harmonic oscillation. Newton ‘s jurisprudence can be divide by three types that is 1st jurisprudence, 2nd jurisprudence and 3rd jurisprudence. It is teach about the gesture in our existent life. Thus, harmonic oscillation can be divided by three types that are pendulum oscillation, damped oscillation and mechanic oscillation. All of these oscillation are utile in our life especial is use in different type of mechanics.Question OneResearch on the Newton ‘s Laws of gesture, and do a study that provide item account and illustrations on Newton ‘s 3 Torahs of gesture. You report should include relevant and utile expression.AnswerNewton ‘s jurisprudence of gesture can be divided by three types that is 1st jurisprudence, 2nd jurisprudence and 3rd jurisprudence and it is jurisprudence of gravitation. The three Torahs are simple and reasonable. The first jurisprudence provinces that a force must be applied to an object in order to alter its speed. When the object ‘s speed is altering that average it is speed uping, which implies a relationship between force and acceleration. The 2nd jurisprudence, the acceration of an object is straight relative to the net force moving on it and is reciprocally relative to its mass. The way of the acceleration is in the way of the acceleration is in the way of the net force moving on the object. Finally, the 3rd Torahs, whenever we push on something, it pushes back with equal force in the opposite way.ForcesA force is normally imagined as a push or a pull on some object, possibly quickly, as when we hit a tennis ball with a racket. ( see figure 1.0 ) . We can hit the ball at different velocities and direct it ionto different parts of the oppositions ; s tribunal. This mean that we can command the magnitude of the applied force and alos its way, so force is a vector measure, merely like speed and acceleration. Figure 1.0: Tennis title-holder Rafael Nadal strikes the ball with his racket, using a force and directing the ball into the unfastened portion of the tribunal. Figure 1.1: Examples of forces applied to assorted objects. In each instance, a force acts on the object surrounded by the dotted lines. Something in the environment external to the boxed country exerts the force.Newton ‘s 1st jurisprudenceNewton ‘s 1st jurisprudence of gesture provinces that if a organic structure is at remainder it will stay at the remainder and if a organic structure is traveling in a consecutive line with unvarying speed will maintain traveling unless an external force is acted upon. For illustration, see a book lying on a tabular array. Obviously, the book remains at remainder if left entirely. Now imagine forcing the book with a horizontal force great plenty to get the better of the force of clash between the book and the tabular array, puting the book in gesture. Because the magnitude of the applied force exceeds the magnitude of the clash force, the book to a halt. Now imagine the book across a smooth floor. The book once more comes to rest one time the force is no longer applied, but non every bit rapidly as earlier. Finally, if the book is traveling on a horizontal frictionless surface, it continues to travel in a consecutive line with changeless speed until it hits a wall or some other obstructor. However, an object moving on a frictionless surface, it ‘s non the nature of an object to halt, one time set in gesture, but instead to continues in its original province of gesture. This attack was subsequently formalized as Newton ‘s first jurisprudence of gesture: An object moves with a speed that is changeless in magnitude and way, unless acted on by a nonzero net force. For illustration: In the figure 1.2, the twine is supplying centripetal force to travel the ball in a circle around 3600. If sudden the twine was break, the ball will travel off in a consecutive line and the gesture in the absence of the restraining force. This illustration is non hold other net forces are moving, such as horizontal gesture on a frictionless surface. Figure 1.2InactivenessInertia is the reluctance of an object to alter its province of gesture. This means if an object is at remainder it will stay at remainder or if it ‘s traveling it will maintain traveling in a consecutive line with unvarying speed. Force is needed to get the better of inactiveness.For illustrationIn figure 1.3, it is an experiment to turn out the construct of inactiveness. In experiments utilizing a brace of inclined planes confronting each other, Galileo observed that a ball would up the opposite plane to the same tallness and turn over down one plane. If smooth surface are used, the ball is roll up to the opposite plane and return to the original tallness. When it is get downing to turn over down the ball on the degree topographic point, it is will return the ball at the same tallness from original point. Figure 1.3 If the opposite slope were elevated at about a 0 grade angle, so the ball will be roll in an attempt to make the original tallness that is show in the figure 1.4. Figure 1.4: If a ball stops when it attains its original tallness, so this ball would ne'er halt. It would turn over everlastingly if clash were absent.Other illustrationFigure 1.5: Harmonizing to Newton ‘s 1st jurisprudence, a bikes gesture was n't alteration until same force, such as braking makes it alteration.Newton 2nd jurisprudenceNewton ‘s first jurisprudence explains what happens to an object that has no net force moving on it. The object either remains at remainder or continues traveling in a consecutive line with changeless velocity. Newton ‘s 2nd jurisprudence is the acceleration of an object is straight relative to the net force moving on it and is reciprocally relative to its mass. The way of the acceleration is in the way of the acceleration is in the way of the acceleration is in the way of the net force moving on the object. Imagine forcing a block of ice across a frictionless horizontal surface. When you exert some horizontal force on the block, it moves with an acceleration of the 2m/s2. If you apply a force twice every bit big, the acceleration doubles to 4m/s2. Pushing three times as difficult triples the acceleration, and so on. From such observations, we conclude that the acceleration of an object is straight relative to the net force moving on it. Mass besides affects acceleration. Suppose you stack indistinguishable block of ice on top of each other while forcing the stack with changeless force. If the force applied to one block produces an acceleration of 2m/s2, so the acceleration drops to half that value, 1 m/s2, When 2 blocks are pushed, to one-third the initial value. When three block is pushed, and so on. We conclude that the acceleration of an object is reciprocally relative to its mass. These observations are summarized in Newton ‘s 2nd jurisprudence: The acceleration of an object is straight relative to the net force moving on it and reciprocally relative to its mass.Unit of measurements of Force and MassThe SI unit of force is the Newton. When 1 Newton of force Acts of the Apostless on an object that has a mass of 1 kilograms, it produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 in the object. From this definition and Newton ‘s 2nd jurisprudence, we can see that the Newton can be expressed in footings of the cardinal units of mass, length and clip. 1 N = 1 kg.m/s2 A force is a push or a pull. Hence a force can alter the size, form, and province of remainder or gesture, way of gesture and velocity / speed. The symbol for force is F and the S.I. unit is Newton ( N ) . An object of mass m is subjected to a force F, its speed alterations from U to V in clip t. The above status can be stated as: F = Where a = is acceleration, therefore F = mom.For illustrationFigure 1.6: An airboat. An airboat with mass 3.50x102Kg, including riders, has an engine that produces a net horizontal force of 7.70x102N, after accounting for forces of opposition ( see figure 1.6 ) . ( a ) Find the acceleration of the airboat. ( B ) Get downing from remainder, how long does it take the airboat to make a velocity of 12.0m/s2? ( degree Celsius ) After making this velocity, the pilot turns off the engine and impetuss to a Michigan over distance of 50.0m. Find the opposition force, presuming it ‘s changeless.Solution( a ) Find the acceleration of the airboat. Apply Newton ‘s 2nd jurisprudence and work out for the acceleration: Fnet = mom a = = = 2.20m/s2 ( B ) Find the clip necessary to make a velocity of 12.0m/s. Use the kinematics velocity equation: If t = 5.45s V = at + V0 = ( 2.20m/s2 ) ( 5.45 ) = 12.0m/s ( degree Celsius ) Find the opposition force after the engine is turned off. Using kinematics, find the net acceleration due to resistance forces V2 – = 2a I†x 0 – ( 12.0m/s ) 2 = 2a ( 50.0m ) = -12 / 100 = -0.12m/s2 Substitute the acceleration into Newton ‘s 2nd jurisprudence, happening the opposition force: Fresistance= mom = ( 3.50 X 102kg ) ( -144m/s2 ) = -504NImpulse and Impulsive ForceThe force, which acts during a short minute during a hit, is called Impulsive Force. Impulse is defined as the alteration of impulse, so Impulse = MV – Mu, since F = , therefore impulse can be written as: Impulsive force is Force = Impulse/Time. Unit is Newton ( N ) .The applications of unprompted forceIn existent life we tend to diminish the consequence of the unprompted force by cut downing the clip taken during hit.Gravitational force or gravitationGravity exists due to the Earth ‘s mass and it is Acts of the Apostless towards the centre of Earth. Object falling under the influence of gravitation will see free autumn. Assuming no other force acts upon it. Object sing free autumn will fall with acceleration ; gravitation has an approximative value of 10m/s2. The gravitative force moving on any object on Earth can be expressed as F=mg. This is besides every bit weight.For illustrationFind the gravitative force exerted by the Sun on a 79.0kg adult male located on Earth. The distance from the Sun to the Earth is about 1.50 Ten 1011 m, and the Sun ‘s mass is 1.99 Ten 1030kg.SolutionFsun = G = ( 6.67 X 10-11 Kg-1m3s2 ) = 0.413NNewton ‘s 3rd jurisprudenceThe action of one organic structure moving upon another organic structure tends to alter the gesture of the organic structure acted upon. This action is called a force. Because a force has both magnitude and way, it is a vector measure, and the old treatment on vector notation applies. Newton ‘s 3rd jurisprudence is the sum of force which you inflict upon on others will hold the same repelling force that act on you every bit good. Force is exerted on an object when it comes into contact with some other object. See the undertaking of driving a nail into a block of wood, for illustration, as illustrated in the figure 1.7 ( a ) . To speed up the nail and drive it into the block, the cock must exercise a net force on the nail. Newton is a individual stray force ( such as the force exerted by the cock on the nail ) could n't be. Alternatively, forces in nature ever exist in braces. Harmonizing to Newton, as the nail is driven into the block by the force exerted by the cock, the cock is slowed down and stopped by the force exerted by the nail. Newton described such mated forces with his 3rd jurisprudence: Whenever one object exerts a force on a 2nd object, the 2nd exerts an equal and opposite force on the first. This jurisprudence, which is illustrated in figure 1.7 ( B ) , province that a individual stray force ca n't be. The force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is sometimes called the action force, and the force F12 exerted by object 2 on object 1 is called the reaction force. In world, either, either force can be labeled the action or reaction force. The action force is equal in magnitude to the reaction force and antonym in way. In all instances, the action and reaction forces act on different objects. For illustration, the force moving on a freely falling missile is the force exerted by Earth on the missile, Fg, and the magnitude of this force is its weight milligram. The reaction to coerce Fg is the force exerted by the missile on Earth, Fg = -Fg. The reaction force Fg must speed up the Earth towards the missile, merely as the action force Fg accelerates the missile towards the Earth. Because the Earth has such a big mass and its acceleration due to this reaction forces is negligibly little. Figure 1.7: Newton ‘s 3rd jurisprudence. ( a ) The force exerted by the cock on the nail is equal in magnitude and antonym in way to the force exerted by the nail on the cock. ( B ) The force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude and antonym in way to the force F21 exerted by object 2 on object 1. Newton ‘s 3rd jurisprudence invariably affects our activities in mundane life. Without it, no motive power of any sort would be possible, whether on pes, on a bike, or in a motorised vehicle. When walking, we exert a frictional force against the land. The reaction force of the land against our pes propels us frontward. In the same manner, the tired on a bike exert a frictional force against the land, and the reaction of the land pushes the bike frontward. This is called clash plays a big function in such reaction forces. Figure 1.8: In the figure 1.8, when a force pushes on an object, the object pushes back in the opposite way. The force of the forcing back is called the reaction force. This jurisprudence explains why we can travel a dinghy in H2O. The H2O pushes back on the oar every bit much as the oar pushes on the H2O, which moves the boat. The jurisprudence besides explains why the pull of gravitation does n't do a chair clang through the floor ; the floor pushes back plenty to countervail gravitation. When you hit a baseball, the chiropteran pushes on the ball, but the ball besides on the chiropteran. Figure 1.9Question TwoResearch and exemplify the assorted features of â€Å" Damped Oscillations † , your reply should besides include graphical show of these characteristic.AnswerIn the existent life, the vibrating gesture can be taken topographic point in ideal systems that are hovering indefinitely under the action of a additive restoring force. In many realistic system, resistive forces, such as clash, are present and retard the gesture of the system. Consequently, the mechanical energy of the system diminishes in clip, and the gesture is described as a damped oscillation. Therefore, in all existent mechanical systems, forces of clash retard the gesture, so the systems do n't hover indefinitely. The clash reduces the mechanical energy of the system as clip base on ballss, and the gesture is said to be damped. In the figure 2.0, daze absorbers in cars are one practical application of damped gesture. A daze absorber consists of a Piston traveling through a liquid such as oil. The upper portion of the daze absorber is steadfastly attached to the organic structure of the auto. When the auto travels over a bump in the route, holes in the Piston let it to travel up and down in the fluid in a damped manner. ( B ) Figure 2.0: ( a ) Angstrom daze absorber consists of a Piston hovering in a chamber filled with oil. As the Piston oscillates, the oil is squeezed through holes between the Piston and the chamber, doing a damping of the Piston ‘s oscillations. ( B ) One type of automotive suspension system, in which a daze absorber is placed inside a spiral spring at each wheel. Damped gesture varies with the fluid used. For illustration, if the fluid has a comparatively low viscousness, the vibrating gesture is preserved but the amplitude of quiver lessenings in clip and the gesture finally ceases. This procedure is known as under damped oscillation. The place vs. clip curve for an object undergoing such as oscillation appears in active figure 2.1. In the figure 2.2 compares three types of damped gesture, with curve ( a ) stand foring underdamped oscillation. If the fluid viscousness is increased, the object return quickly to equilibrium after it is released and does n't hover. In this instance the system is said to be critically damped, and is shown as curve ( B ) in the figure 2.2. The Piston return to the equilibrium place in the shortest clip possible without one time overshooting the equilibrium place. If the viscousness is greater still, the system is said to be overdamped. In this instance the Piston returns to equilibrium without of all time go thro ughing through the equilibrium point, but the clip required to make equilibrium is greater than in critical damping. As illustrated by curve ( degree Celsius ) in figure 2.2. Active figure 2.1: A graph of displacement versus clip for an under damped oscillator. Note the lessening in amplitude with clip. Figure 2.2: Plots of displacement versus clip for ( a ) an under damped oscillator, ( B ) a critically damped oscillator, and ( degree Celsius ) an overdamped oscillator. Damped oscillation is relative to the speed of the object and Acts of the Apostless in the way opposite that of the object ‘s speed relation to the medium. This type of force is frequently observed when an object is hovering easy in air, for case, because the resistive force can be expressed as R = -bv, where B is a changeless related to the strength of the resistive force, and the reconstructing force exerted on the system is -kx, Newton ‘s 2nd jurisprudence gives us = -kx – bv = soap -kx – B = m ~ ( I ) The solution of this differential equation requires mathematics that may non yet be familiar to you, so it will merely be started without cogent evidence. When the parametric quantities of the system are such that B & lt ; so that the resistive force is little, the solution to equation is Ten = ( Ae- ( b/2m ) T ) cos ( wt + ) ~ ( two ) Where the angular frequence of the gesture is = ~ ( three ) The object suspended from the spring experience both a force from the spring and a resistive force from the environing liquid. Active figure 2.1 shows the place as a map of clip for such a damped oscillator. We see that when the resistive force is comparatively little, the oscillating character of the gesture is preserved but the amplitude of quiver lessenings in clip and the gesture finally creases, this system is known as an underdamped oscillator. The dotted blue lines in active figure 2.1, which form the envelope of the oscillatory curve, represent the exponential factor that appears in equation ( two ) . The exponential factor shows that the amplitude decays exponentially with clip. It is convenient to show the angular frequence of quiver of a damped system ( three ) in the signifier=Where = a?sk/m represents the angular frequence of oscillation in the absence of a resistive force ( the undamped oscillator ) . In other words, when b=o, the resistive force is zero and the system oscillates with angular frequence, called the natural frequence. As the magnitude of the resistive force additions, the oscillations dampen more quickly. When B reaches a critical value bc, so that bc/2m = , the system does non hover and is said to be critically damped. In this instance, it returns to equilibrium in an exponential mode with clip, as in figure 2.2. Question Three: Simple Harmonic Motion ( SHM ) is a dynamical system typified by the gesture of a mass on a spring when it is capable to the additive elastic reconstructing force given by Hooke ‘s Law. The gesture is sinusoidal in clip and demonstrates a individual resonant frequence. What is the relationship between the tenseness and weight in the system? What is Hooke ‘s jurisprudence when applied to the system?AnswerOscillation of gesture is has one set of equations can be used to depict and foretell the motion of any object whose gesture is simple harmonic. The gesture of a vibrating object is simple harmonic if its acceleration is relative to its supplanting and its acceleration and supplanting are in opposite way. The 2nd slug point mean that are acceleration, and hence the end point force, ever acts towards the equilibrium place, where the supplanting is zero. Common illustrations of simple harmonic gesture include the oscillations of a simple pendulum and those of a mass suspended vertically on a spring. The diagram shows the size of the acceleration of a simple pendulum and a mass on a spring when they are given a little supplanting, x, from the equilibrium place. Figure 3.0 In the figure 3.0, the numerical value of the acceleration is equal to a changeless multiplied by the supplanting, demoing that acceleration is relative to displacement. Then, the negative value of the acceleration shows that it is in the opposite way to the supplanting, since acceleration and supplanting are both vector measures.Simple harmonic in a springIf you hang a mass from a spring, the mass will stretch the spring a certain sum and so come to rest. It is established when the pull of the spring upward on the mass is equal to the pull of the force of gravitation downward on the mass. The system, spring and mass, is said to be in equilibrium when that status is met. If the mass is up or down from the equilibrium place and release it, the spring will undergo simple harmonic gesture caused by a force moving to reconstruct the vibrating mass back to the equilibrium place. That force is called the restoring force and it is straight relative to magnitude of the supplanting and is directed opposite the supplanting. The necessary status for simple harmonic gesture is that a reconstructing force exists that meets the conditions stated symbolically as Fr = -kx, where K is the invariable of proportionality and ten is the supplanting from the equilibrium place. The subtraction mark, as usual, indicates that Fr has a way opposite that of ten.For illustrationFigure 3.1 The grouch rotates with angular speed w. Then, the slide will skid between P1 and P. V2 = W2 ( P2-X2 ) P = Amplitude or maximal point. V= Velocity of the skidder. Ten = Distance from centre point due to speed, V. W = Angular speed of grouch. = 2Iˆf degree Fahrenheit = = 1/T a = -w2xSimple pendulumA simple pendulum is merely a heavy atom suspended from one terminal of an nonextensile, weightless twine whose other terminal in fixed in a stiff support, this point being referred to as the point of suspension of the pendulum. Obviously, it is merely impossible to obtain such an idealised simple pendulum. In existent pattern, we take a little and heavy spherical British shilling tied to a long and all right silk yarn, the other terminal of which passes through a split cork firmly clamped in a suited base, the length ( a„â€Å" ) of the pendulum being measured from the point of suspension to the Centre of mass of the British shilling. In the figure 3.2, allow S be the point of suspension of the pendulum and 0, the mean or equilibrium place of the British shilling. On taking the British shilling a small to one side and so gently let go ofing it, the pendulum starts hovering about its average place, as indicated by the flecked lines. At any given blink of an eye, allow the supplanting of the pendulum from its average place SO into the place SA is I? . Then, the weight milligram of the British shilling, moving vertically downwards, exerts a torsion or minute – mg/sin I? about the point of suspension, be givening to convey it back to its average place, the negative mark of the torsion bespeaking that it is oppositely straight to the supplanting ( I? ) . Figure 3.2 If d2I?/dt2 be the acceleration of the British shilling, towards 0, and I its M.I about the point of suspension ( S ) , the minute of the force or the torsion moving on the bobn is besides equal to I.d2I?/dt2. I = -mga„â€Å"sinI? If I? is little, the amplitude of oscillation be little, we may pretermit all other footings except the first and take wickedness I? = I? . I = -mga„â€Å"I? , Whence, = Since M.I of the British shilling about the point of suspension ( S ) is ma„â€Å"2. We have = = = A µI? , Where = A µ The acceleration of the British shilling is therefore relative to its angular supplanting I? and is directed towards its average place 0. The pendulum therefore executes a simple harmonic gesture and its clip period is given by T = 2Iˆ = 2Iˆ = 2Iˆ It being clearly understood that the amplitude of the pendulum is little. The supplanting here being angular, alternatively of additive, it is evidently an illustration of an angular simple harmonic gesture.Hooke ‘s jurisprudenceVibration gesture is an object attached to a spring. We assume the object moves on a frictionless horizontal surface. If the spring is stretched or compressed a little distance ten from its equilibrium place and so released, it exerts a force on the object as shown in figure 3.3. From experiment the spring force is found to obey the equation F = -kx ~ ( four ) Where ten is the supplanting of the object from its equilibrium place ( x=0 ) and K is a positive invariable called the spring invariable. This force jurisprudence for springs is known as Hooke ‘s jurisprudence. The value of K is a step of the stiffness of the spring. Stiff springs have big K value, and soft springs have little K value. In the equation ( four ) , the negative mark mean that the force exerted by the spring is ever directed opposite the supplanting of the object. When the object is to the right of the equilibrium place, as in figure 3.3 ( a ) , x is positive and F is negative. This means that force is the negative way, to the left. When the object is to the left of equilibrium place, as in figure 3.3 ( degree Celsius ) , x is negative and F is positive, bespeaking that the way the force is to the right. Of class, when ten = 0, as in figure 3.3 ( B ) , the spring is unstretched and F =0. Because the spring force ever acts toward the equilibrium place, it is some clip called a restoring force. A reconstructing force ever pushes or pulls the object toward the equilibrium place. The procedure is so repeated, and the object continues to hover back and Forth over the same way. This type of gesture is called simple harmonic gesture. Simple harmonic gesture occurs when the net force along the way of gesture obeys Hooke ‘s jurisprudence – When the net force is relative to the supplanting from the equilibrium point and is ever directed toward the equilibrium point. Figure 3.3: The force exerted by a spring on an object varies with the supplanting of the object from the equilibrium place, x=0. ( a ) When ten is positive ( the spring is stretched ) . ( B ) When ten is zero ( the spring is unstretched ) , the spring force is zero, ( degree Celsius ) When ten is negative ( the spring is compressed ) , the spring force is to the right.DecisionAs my decision, Newton ‘s jurisprudence was a really utile in presents because it is can utilize the 3 type of jurisprudence to forestall any accidents in now coevals. First ‘s jurisprudence is provinces that a force must be applied to an object in order to alter its speed. Second ‘s jurisprudence is acceration of an object is straight relative to the net force moving on it and is reciprocally relative to its mass. Third ‘s jurisprudence is whenever we push on something, it pushes back with equal force in the opposite way. Second, harmonic oscillation is a type of forced and damped oscillation that is amplitude of a existent vacillation pendulum or hovering spring lessening easy with clip until the oscillation stop wholly. This decay of amplitude as a map of clip is called damping.

Describe How the Uses of Plant Fibres and Starch May Contribute

Describe how the uses of plant fibres and starch may contribute to sustainability How can plant fibres be used? First of all the plant fibres have to be extracted from the plant itself. The process of extraction often used is called retting. Retting involves using water or micro-organisms to dissolve or rot away the cellular tissues surrounding the bast-fibre bundles. Afterwards the fibres are obtained; usually they extract very long sclerenchyma cells and xylem tissue because of their good tensile strength. From this many materials can be made, here are a couple of examples: ? Wood fibres – can be used to make paper from trees Sisal fibres – are obtained from Agave Sisalana and these fibres are used in the construction of cars, furniture, plastics and even paper. Uses of starch and plant based products to replace oil-based products Canvas Bags – Canvas bags is a product sweeping the nation to help us rid the use of plastic oil-based plastic bags. Canvas bags are made from linen, which are fibres extracted for the flax plant, canvas bags also contain cotton, which is extracted from the cotton bag. The canvas bag is an ingenious product because not only can it replace the oil-based (petroleum) plastic bags but they are also reusable and also sustainable. Related reading: Disadvantages of Plants Living on LandStarch Bags – Starch bags are a relatively unknown product, not as popular as a replacement as a canvas bag. However the starch bag is obtained from the starch within many plants. If the bag is no longer needed and discarded, they will soon decompose into carbon dioxide, water and biomass within 10-12 weeks, thus leaving no harmful residue behind. If you compare these to the oil-based products, they are a lot greener; this is because oil-based petroleum plastic bags give off a lot of air pollution and energy consumption to produce them.In addition to this if the plastic bags are discarded like many of them are (100 billion per year in USA), then they would not biodegrade (takes 1000 years) and could generate visual pollution and bring discomfort, and a lot of the time, death to many animals. Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages – †¢Both the starch bags and the canvas bags (made of cotton and linen) are made from a sustainable source. †¢Canvas bags do not wear and tear. In addition to this they are stronger than oil-based plastic bags and won’t split under heavy pressure. Starch bags are biodegradable – If the starch bags are discarded they will decompose into non-harmful residue within 10-12 weeks of production. Disadvantages – †¢The land used to grow the cotton plants, flax plants and plants used to extract starch would be wasteful and take up plenty of ground. Because cotton is predominately grown in Africa and India (places where food is at a shortage and hunger is on the uprising), the land used for the cotton would take up much area that could be used for farming, farming that could lead to food for the local people.The introduction of canvas bags and starch bags has the potential to change the way we think about greener alternatives. Canvas bags already have become widespread popular, with millions of households across England owning at least one, however oil-based plastic bags are still the leading supermarket bag. I believe the production of starch bags and canvas bags are extremely important and should be developed further and advertised more, this will hopefully ensure that the production and use of oil-based plastic bags are eradicated completely.This in turn would: decrease the production of harmful gases into the atmosphere and cause less air pollution; it would decrease the visual pollution of discarded plastic bags, would save animals lives that could get caught in them or even choke on them. On the other hand, as previously mentioned, land taken up to grow plants for the bags would precious land that could be used for farming and could feed a lot of the local people.

Critical evaluation of the impact of the global(focus on USA) Coursework

Critical evaluation of the impact of the global(focus on USA) financial crisis on worker migration - Coursework Example The property bubble in the Spanish economy was responsible for the high fiscal debt in most of the developed nations in the world. At around 2009, severe financial crisis wedged the economy of U.S.A. The terms of economic affairs become highly juggled at this point of time. However, the financial crisis created a strong impact on the workers migration. It was found that many workers working in the urban sector of U.S. migrated back to their home lands as a result of job losses. The in-migration of the foreign workers in U.S.A was controlled and the government started to offer special incentives to the existing workers to take voluntary retirements from work. This initiative was taken by the government to increase the American labour force in the long run by almost 5% by 2033 (Porter, 2013). As a result there were many incidents of disturbances in the economy due to the rising number of job losses. It was found that the gross unemployment rate increased by almost 4% in U.S.A. during t he crisis. The information on the basis of which the literature review will be written would be based on secondary data sources. Any information collected from the primary data sources would not be used in the context of the literature review (Hakim, 2000). ... In the context of the literature review, the researcher would be identifying the common themes and differences of the previous research works. Despite being completely narrative in nature, the literature review would be focussed, analytical and critical in panorama. Thus, the literature review of the paper would throw a light on the views of the scholars on the concerned topic of discussion and would also include the researcher’s own perceptions (Burns, 1997). Research Philosophy The research paper would be using quantitative and qualitative analysis methods, thus the analysis would be made on the basis of interpretive approach (positivist approach). The main objective of the paper would be to analyze the impact of worker migration in the economy of U.S.A. after the financial crisis. This philosophy of the paper is to understand the consequences of the impact. Thus, the research problem is symmetric and non linier in nature. Research Approach Figure 1: Inductive approach (Sour ce: Shaheen, n.d.) As stated in the above picture, the researcher would be conducting the research on the basis of inductive approach. The reason for preferring inductive approach is because it will help the researcher to exchange observation into theoretical conclusion, thus is a robust method of analysis. Research Strategy Figure 2: Research Strategy (Source: Saunders, Lewis and Thornhil, 2009) Sustain research objectives with the trouble statements. Determining the sample space, size and location. Determining the price connected with the research development and formulate the time schedule Demeanour research with the help of primary and secondary sources Arranging the data in organized manner Qualitative and quantitative analysis. Construing the data properly to give it a inflexible

Reflective statement for previous case study Nestle Essay

Reflective statement for previous case study Nestle - Essay Example This has raised a debate on the aptness of this concept in the modern era of education. Critiques have often challenged the role of the students and have undermined the thought which reduces creativity and innovation among the students (Vita & Bernard, n.d.). Aspects like learning and reputation as well as memorising are largely outcomes of reflective studies. Competitive forces play a major role in the shaping the profitability of an organization. The analysis of the competitive forces pertaining to Nestle was done by using the Porter’s five forces model. This model analyses the competitive framework of an organization on the basis of five forces namely, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new entrants, competition among the existing players and threat of substitutes (Hill & Jones, 2009, p.42-43). Figure 1: Tangram Analogy (Source: Vita & Bernard, n.d., p.18) The case study focussed on a lot of marketing issues, the nature of the case study an d its questions helped in analysing each of the components separately and finally generating a conclusive argument which is analogous with the tangram analogy shown in the figure above. The analysis of Ansoff’s matrix helped in predicting the possible strategies with regards to the business strategy adopted by an organization. This was helpful in analysing the case of Nestle particularly since the organization has its business units spread across diverse geographical areas of the world (Beamish & Ashford, 2007, p.59-60). During the course of analysis of the case study tools like PESTEL and SWOT were also used. These tools helped in analysing the external and internal environment of the organization (Nestle). The use of SWOT helped in analysing the strengths, weakness, opportunities and the threats being faced by the organization (Nijssen & Frambach, 2000, p.87).. PESTEL is one such tool that helped in understanding the external factors influencing the organization on one hand and also to analyse the political, economical, sociological, technological, environmental and legal factors in a particular nation (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2009, p.65). Finally the process of strategy formulation does not end with framing and implementing policies but to evaluate and review the effectiveness of the strategies. The use of the balanced scorecard model helped in understanding how to evaluate a firm’s strategy based on financial as well as non financial aspects (Balanced Scorecard Institute, 2011). Question 2: In what ways, if any, did the module enhance your learning, professional and/or transferable skills? Various studies have concluded that improvement in practice or revision is largely the outcomes of a good reflective analysis which is quite contrary to the traditional school of thought (Vita & Bernard, n.d., p.5) The building synopsis which is an outcome of the American school of thought largely states that reflective studies enhance the manner in which students can apply the lessons learnt in professional life. The present module helped in generating abstract frameworks which helped in improving the writing skills (Vita & Bernard, n.d., and p.5). The module dealt with analysing the different strategic perspectives of Nestle. The large scale of operation in the organization helped in analysi

Crime Scene Report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crime Scene Report - Term Paper Example The investigators arrived at the scene and commenced the process of investigation as required. There was division of roles and each investigator carried out his or her role. Specialists also were given the special task like blood testing and fingerprinting in order to identify the perpetrators. The crime took place on March 26, 2015 and investigation process took place up to 10:55 am of March 26, 2015. The crime scene was located in a Parking Lot F at ERAU. The investigators were informed in order to visit the scene. The crime was committed and the perpetrator could not be found. At the time when the investigators arrived in the scene the suspect had escaped. The crime involved a murder which was suspected to have been caused by shooting. In order to identify the person who committed the act, the investigator collected evidence from the scene and recorded the events which took place. At the time when the investigators were carrying out the investigation, weather condition was sunny and temperature was 550c. The light condition was also good for the investigators to carry out investigation effectively. The light condition was favorable for photograph taking and the investigators could take clear photos without difficulties (Dutelle 78). A number of events took place at the scene of crime. The investigation was taking place in March 26, 2015 starting from 90:33 am. The investigators arrived at the scene at 09:33, 09:34 am and the Coroner arrived at 10:02 am. Coroner left the scene before the investigator at 10:37 am. The investigators left the scene at 10:55 am. Different materials were collected from the scene in different times. The investigators noted that 4 bullets scattered near the drive side at 09:30 am. Investigator Alex noted red pill at 10:03 am and it was collected to help in investigation. Sierra identified ticket at 10:10 am male blood from the victim at 10:33. The blood was collected for testing in order to identify if it was

Advertising Shape Social Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Advertising Shape Social Trends - Essay Example The essay "Advertising Shape Social Trends" discusses how the technological development playing a role in the continuous development of advertising and promotional activities of companies across various sectors. From a general perspective, advertising is not only important to promote the offering of any company in front of their customer, but at the same time it is important for the organizations to established reasons in the mind of the customers regarding why their own product of services is better than that of the competitors. Another key point associated with the importance of the advertising is it â€Å"Sell the Sizzle, Not the Steak†. It is an old thought associated with the advertising industry, but it still stands true. The most common goal of any advertising campaign is to sell the added benefits associated with any product or service. One can easily understand this concept associated with the advertising. Any individual can choose or purchase a number of soaps for them as there are many brands in this industry. To make any brand stand high above the rest in terms of attracting people’s eye organization need to focus on attractive as well as out of the box promotional activity. One such example is of Irish Spring. In their advertisement, they â€Å"claim not only freshness and cleanliness, but according to the woman from the ad, it's Manly, yes, but I like it, too, so it’s for both sexes. A company selling something knows you can probably get that something anywhere and you can get many versions of it".

The Formation Of The US Constitution or The Shaded US Constitution Research Paper

The Formation Of The US Constitution or The Shaded US Constitution - Research Paper Example This essay discusses that another aspect of the argument of the federalists was to ensure that citizens were given equal rights and good protection. This was to ensure that the ordinary citizen could have a universal and inalienable right to information and access to challenging public institutions. This was the only way to ensure that citizens could play a role in safeguarding the running of the state. The US Constitution was borne out of the Article of Confederacy. This involved a series of ideal standards on how to run the newly-independent country which sought to protect the civil liberties and rights of citizens and avoid discrimination and other forms of challenges that were experienced under British Rule. Therefore, the architects of the constitution sought to promote the Bill of Rights which was to maintain the fundamental rights of citizens in the United States. In addition to that, the federalists maintained a set of arguments that promoted the institution of a two-tiered g overnment system that will ensure that the states maintained their sovereignty and also ceded part of it to the federal authority. This was also to be achieved through the institution of the Separation of Power.The Federalists argued for the two-tiered system as a means of protecting human rights through the institution of more checks and balances to ensure that the rights of citizens were protected. This is to avoid the mistakes of Britain and also eliminate anarchy by promoting transparency and inclusion by ordinary citizens of the country.

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Microfinance Research Paper

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Microfinance - Research Paper Example The paper focuses on microfinance activities meeting the cause of women in the countries like Kenya, South Africa, and Ghana. Microfinance in Kenya ACCA (2011) states that the microfinance activities in Kenya got its foothold in '80s but it expanded rapidly after Microfinance Intermediaries Act came into force in the year 2006. The microfinance intermediaries (MFIs) operate under regulatory framework called Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). As per EIU, Kenya offers one of the best business environments for MFIs. Reece (2011) describes about the organizational power of women in Kenya who without enough government help are building financial resources and security for them. As such, only 20 percent of the population in Kenya is in the position to open a bank account or do any transaction with the banks. Rose Olouch, a village woman, is quite vocal in stating that Kenyan women are capable of empowering themselves. She leads the group of 20 women who among themselves save, loan and cont ribute towards group insurance fund to meet emergencies. Women dominate in decision making process with regard to village and home finances. Small savings and loan groups provide basic level of financing to the low-income groups. Such groups meet monthly to carry out essential activities maintaining a strict discipline in the gathering. The Women’s Enterprise Development Institute (WEDI) is the largest organization serving some 20,000 clients. The WEDI's operations are based on the managed-ASCA model. Women take loan from the ASCA. Each member contributes Ksh100 as monthly saving and they can withdraw it on notice. Members are eligible for the dividend at the end of the year. The ASCA does charge management fees depending upon the funds handled. At least 45% of WEDI groups operate in areas with population density of 200 persons per square km. Further, most of the WEDI groups operate in the areas where poverty incidence is between 20 and 40 percent of the population. Johnson, et al. argues that decentralized models have advantages in reaching poorer and remote areas. WEDI client portfolio includes women from the poorest strata of the society. WEDI’s clients are involved in the activities of farming and producing cash crops such as coffee, beans. They also run retail shops in and indulge into buying and selling of fruits and cereals. Usually, women clients save nearly Ksh 100 per month and take the benefit of small loans from WEDI. WEDI generates enough income from the loans offered so as to sustain its operational expenses (Johnson, Malkamak, and Wanjau, p.11) The Women’s Enterprise Development Company Ltd (WEDCO) is another NGO Microfinance institution operating in the Kenya. Women in rural areas are offered credits by them for their small business activities. WEDCO provides loans for varied purpose including school fees loans and to meet other contingencies. WEDCO serves approximately 12,000 clients in a large geographical area (Johnson, Malkamak, & Wanjau, p.10). Status of Microfinance in South Africa The Microfinance market in South Africa started in the '80s and then it was made up of NGOs and for-profit companies. Until at least 1994 microfinance market in South Africa had a few commercial and not-for-profit lenders but there after microfinance mark

Patterns and trends in health among society Essay Example for Free

Patterns and trends in health among society Essay Gender Women’s life expectancy is higher than men; women typically live five years longer than men (Stretch and Whitehouse 2012. In 2002, life expectancy at birth for females born in UK was 81 years, compared with 76 years for males. This contrasts with 49 and 45 years respectively at the turn of the last century in 1901(Sikin, L undated). Another reason why women live longer could be because men tend to smoke and drink more alcohol than women in general. Men also take more risk than women; Women have less chance in getting cardiovascular disease, like heart attack and stroke. Women usually develop these problems usually in their 70s and 80s, about 10 years later than men, who develop them in their 50s and 60s (Blue, L 2008). Another reason why women live longer could be because men in their late teens and 20s go through something called ‘’testosterone’’ (Blue, L 2008). Testosterone is when the level of hormones is high and changeable, this can create dangerous behaviors. For e.g. they may not wear seatbelts; they drink alcohol and they can become aggressive. These kinds of behaviors can lead to higher death rates for males. Men also take risk more than women; expert claims that men take more risk, making them twice as adventurous and carefree than female. However in 2011 bps state that woman often takes more risk than men. Psychological Science a journal of the Association for Psychological Science has shown the reality of what type of person is prone to taking chances is more complicated than first thought. The study found that despite stereotypes, females sometimes take more risks than men and adolescents can be as  cool-headed as any other demographic. (3). they have found out that men are prone to financial gambles and women often take social risks. Another reason why women life expectancy is higher because men tend to do dangerous sports such as rugby, surfing, motorcycle racing and skiing. In 2002 statistic said that females born in the UK live up to 81 years, whereas males live up to 76 years. This contrast with 49 and 45 years respectively at the turn of the last century in 1901 (2). This is a table is from 2007-2009 about life expectancy in different parts of the UK. In the UK, males and females expect to spend more than 80 per cent of their lives in very good health or general health from birth. Falling to around 57 per cent at the age of 65 (1). In recent years males are taking care of their health more than females. However in today’s society it is believed that female’s health has improved more than males. Social class Statistic produced a biases picture. They believe that people in the lowest social class work in dangerous industries. This causes higher rates of illness. Therefore it is not the class but age and employment of people that causes high levels of illness and lower life expectancy. /http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1007 Ethnicity All ethnic minorities have higher rates of still births, perinatal moralities (death within 1 week), and neo-natal mortality (within 1 month). Ethnicity backgrounds tend to have shorter life expectancy. Children from Asian families have higher rates of getting rickets. Only Afro-Caribbeans and Pakistanis continue to show excess mortality throughout infancy (Whitehead 1992). Afro-carribeans more likely to be admitted to mental health units, men more so than women and more likely to be sectioned. Once there they are more likely to receive harsh treatment e.g.- electro-shock therapy, anti psychotics. Age Geographical location The black report Internet Blue, L (2008) Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men [online] Available at: http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1827162,00.html http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/disability-and-health-measurement/health-expectancies-at-birth-and-age-65-in-the-united-kingdom/2008-10/index.html Sikin, L (undated) Life expectancy [online] Available at: http://www.agediscrimination.info/statistics/Pages/LifeExpectancy.aspx The telegraph (2012) Men twice as likely to take risks [online] Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/evolution/9005552/Men-twice-as-likely-to-take-risks.html

Technical Education Essay Example for Free

Technical Education Essay According to human needs, education can be divided into three parts: Social or political education: Spiritual Education; Vocational or Technical- Education. Education that teaches us how to live in a society is called social or political education. Education that develops our personality and character may be termed as Spiritual Education. Then, education that teaches us how to earn our living is named as Vocational Education. Technical education is a branch of Vocational Education. By Technical Education we mean education dealing with some practical or mechanical art. Technical education includes training in trade Commerce, carpentry, weaving, agriculture, medicine and engineering. Its aim is to provide instruction and training in skills that have a practical utility. It helps us to meet the needs of the Industrial Age. We are looking for ways to decrease the dropout rate. I am pretty sure, if we eliminate career and technical education, we are going to increase the dropout rate. (Michael Enzi) Technical Education is very important in the modern age.America, Britain, France, Russia and China are rich, prosperous and resourceful because of their progress in technical education. It produces engineers, Builders, doctors, and mechanics who are very useful in an industrial society. It is the only answer to the problems of our expanding economy. It produces doers and workers. These workers make real and important contribution to the welfare of society. We are able to increase the material resources†¢ of our country through Technical education. It promote the material prosperity and economic advancement. It has a great educational value also as it imparts dexterity quickness, attention to detail, habit of neatness and orders People begin to have faith ig the dignity of labour. We can save a lot of foreign exchange, if we have our own technical experts. In short, Technical Education makes a country Rich, prosperous, and Resourceful. But it has certain limitations also. Too much of technical education changes a man into machine, A man’s specialized knowledge makes him unfit for other jobs. So we should have an element of liberal education in Technical Education. Nowadays Education is Lacking on the technical side.0ur schools and colleges produce men who are fit only to be clerks. Our young men run after office job. They dislike work in factories and hate to learn practical skills this is why unemployment is So widespread in the country. Poverty is due to the neglect of technical education. Our country is rich in raw material resources. We cannot reap the advantages only because we are not equipped with any technical knowledge. In this respect we must take two steps. First, more and more technical institutions should be established. Secondly, the idea of â€Å"Dignity of Labour† should be popularized. We must always keep in mind that progress is possible only through Technical Education.

Teaching and Learning Strategies

Teaching and Learning Strategies Introduction to the Students and Teaching Environment. I am currently a Lecturer in the Communications Electronics Technical Block (CETB) at Royal Air Force (RAF) Cosford, The No1 School of Technical Training. I am teaching new entry students AC (Air Crafts man),course number 1932 and SAC (Senior Air Crafts man) course numbers 1946 and 1951. The students age range is 17 30 years. I am responsible for delivering training in the subject areas Micro Electronics, Digital Electronics and Information Technology. The courses range from 90 to 130 hours. SACs 194616 hours Information technology and 115 hours Computer technology for the. ACs 1932.16 hours Information technology and 74 hours Micro Electronics for the The students who come to RAF Cosford are not typical of those who would go to a college of further education. They are sent by the RAF for either initial or further training in their specialisation. The learning environment The room layouts do vary however the majority of rooms are set out in a traditional manor. (see plan) The labs are arranged differently with the students desks arranged around the walls. E.g.(Room F008) The class rooms have a roller White board, P.C. and T.V. monitor, some class rooms have windows to the outside but not all. Lighting is via fluorescent tubes and heating is via radiators. The learning environment cont. The laboratorys have a White board, P.C. and LCD projector. Most have opening windows. Lighting is via fluorescent tubes and heating is via radiators. The desk is set out with a PC and Digiac workstation, a 6502 and 80286i microprocessor boards, in addition there are a collection of supporting boards. Teaching Styles and Learning Strategies. Teacher Talk A large part of the course is via teacher talk, this allows for large chunks of information to be covered in a much shorter space of time. The reason this method is chosen is due to the shear pace at which the course has to be delivered. The course is equivalent to a BTec Electronics course, taking approximately two years at a college of further education, however the RAF students have to cover nearly the same amount of material in just six months. Teacher talk is not the best method of imparting information to students as they can very quickly lose interest and it is difficult to assess how much information the students have taken in. To alleviate this situation the teacher talk is broken up with questioning secessions. The questioning secessions help the teacher to assess if the students have understood if learning has taken place, this also gives the students an opportunity to play an active role in the learning process. These methods promote individual involvement, encouragement, reward and a sense of achievement to students of all abilities The questions are directed by the teacher, nominating a student to answer, this is known as; â€Å"Pose Pause Pounce† this technique is used throughout RAFs training and is one of the main tools used to promote learning. The teacher talk is also begun with a recap of the previous session, sometimes the recap will be at the end of the lesson. This re affirms the students understood. The level of knowledge can be assessed, allowing the teacher to continue knowing that the students understand. Reading The students are given course notes in a printed form showing both pictures and diagrams as well as explanations. These notes form the back bone of the course material. They contain the Aims and Objectives for that section of the course, Information relevant to the course and a summary of the books main points. The book can be used as a reference to during the teacher talk. It can be used to illustrate a point, show other examples and reduce the amount of complex diagrams that need to be drawn on the white board. In addition the book has a separate set of questions which the students are encourage to read. When they have read the book they can answer the questions, this promotes further reading. If they do not understand or cannot answer the questions then this should promote them to ask the teacher for further explanation. The questions are designed to reinforce the theory taught in class and promote greater understanding of the subject. Practice by Doing. The first thirty hours or so of the course are mainly teacher talk, reading and working though examples on the white board, however once the under lying terminology and theories have been taught the emphasis of the learning style changes dramatically. The location of the teaching now moves to the laboratory where the students are given a brief introduction to an exercise, they then work through the exercise at their own pace and in their own way using their knowledge. The students follow the exercise answering questions as they go. The questions are designed to point the students in the write direction, if however they are unable to proceed, the teacher is close at hand to guided them, this is achieved by question the student and trying to get them to identify the solution for themselves. If the teacher identifies that the class as a whole do not understand then they can bring the class back together to solve the problem. The teacher may need to give further guidance to the students to allow them to complete the exercise. This process is learning by doing and in completing the exercise the student will hopefully be able to relate this experience to the theory section of the course thus underpinning their theoretical knowledge with practical experience. Demonstration This method of teaching can be used during the theory stage. The teacher could show real components to allow the students to become more familiar with them, seeing what they look like or by working through examples of how to perform a specific task. Demonstration can also be effectively used during the exercise phase of the course. This is very useful when trying to impart complex information to the students. An example might be when an exercise requires additional circuit boards to be used or components that have not yet been used. In these situations a demonstration of the exercise can be given by the teacher. This will allow the teacher to identify any areas of special interest and point out any areas that the students might otherwise miss or perhaps not think about. In addition it is by far the best way for the teacher to show how things are to be accomplished. i.e. showing how to connect up a system, what parts are required etc. The demonstration also allows the students to question the teacher about parts of the exercise they do not understand. The student can say â€Å"so you mean this >>>>> † ; the teacher can then be sure that the students fully understand what is required. Visual Visual methods of teaching are available, though the preferred method is power point which the students despise and therefore is not used frequently by myself. However it can be a very useful tool for explaining difficult subject material, particularly when the diagram requires motion i.e. information been transferred around a computer system. This would be very difficult to illustrate on the white board as the teacher would need to continually re draw the diagram to show the movement, however using power point allows animation of the drawing which the students can see, thus reinforcing the idea. It can also be re run to allow the students to follow the process until they are confident that they understand. Questioning can be used to check the understanding. The teacher can run the PowerPoint and ask the students to tell him what is happening and why. Alternative Methods of Teaching and Learning Strategies. Discussion This method is not very appropriate as the subject is technical and requires some under pinning knowledge. Opinions are not normally expressed as the material is factual. However this method could be used at the end of an exercise or at the end of the course. Infact the course does use this method is used to evaluate the feelings of the students and considers any recommendations that they may make as a class. However the course must run in a clearly define way as laid down by the sponsor he Ministry of Defence.(MOD RAF) Teaching others Teaching others is not generally used as the students would be required to fully understand the subject before they could teach someone else. As it is most likely the first time they have seen this subject material it would be difficult for them the explain it to a colleague. Although a similar technique is used by the teacher when they ask the student to explain how something works, this method of telling the teacher shows that the student understands fully, also any omissions or errors can be corrected by the teacher. Choice of methods Teacher talk The main reason for using this technique is to cover a large amount of theory over a very short time, a lot of information must be imparted very quickly. This method does not have a good retention rate approximately 5% however when coupled with questioning technique, and a recap of the subject at the end or prior to the starting the next section, it improves the retention as well as checking the students understanding. Reading As with Teacher Talk the students are expected to cover a large quantity of information very quickly. However this method has a poor retention rate approximately 10%, but when coupled with questions for each book it reinforces the knowledge, this can then be checked during a class session. This method is used due to the short time available, students are expected to read the material they cover in class as part of their learning process. This is done during there own time i.e. out of class hours. The questions should identify to the student whether or not they understand, thus prompting them to request addition information or clarification from the teacher at the beginning of the next lesson. Practice by doing This method is much better with approximately 75% retention rate. It is used due to the practical nature of the job (hands on). However it can only be used after the under pinning knowledge has been taught and understood. The students can apply the knowledge they have learnt to the practical exercise. The other reason for using this method is due to the nature of the subject. Example It is impossible to show the students the internal workings of a micro processor , therefore the operation is illustrated by performing tasks with the micro processor to prove that it functions in a particular way. The students have to relate this to the theorectial phase of the course, in doing so they should fully understand the operation of the Micro Processor. Demonstration This method has a reasonable retention rate around 30%. It is used to show the more complex aspects of the course, â€Å"a picture paints a thousand words†. The teacher can use this method to impart complex instructions to the students, the students can ask the teacher questions confirming their understanding, checking and correcting as they go. Visual This method has a retention rate of around 20%. This method is tied up with demonstration as the students will be watching the teacher perform a task. Learning how to perform the task requires knowledge, understanding and the skills to complete that task. The visual method is instant feed back to the student, they can see how a task is accomplished. This is an important method of teaching as their job will involve watching someone perform a task and them doing the task for themselves to the required standard. Summary The various methods of teaching are effective, the reason for this assumption is that the majority of students go on to the next phase of their training, and eventually into a post within the RAF. In addition I have spoken to students that I have taught who have remarked on the course and its content, most all of them say it was a very good grounding for their trade training.

Win XP Pro vs. Win 2K Pro :: essays research papers fc

Title Windows XP Pro vs. Windows 2000 Pro Thesis Statement I got to play with XP Pro and fell in love with it the same way with 2000 Pro! Outline I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How I fell in love all over again! B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  XP Pro and XP HE (Home Edition) C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Office XP II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Body A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  XP Pro vs. 2000 Pro B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Application Compatibility C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What’s new - IPv6 D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AD and XP Pro E.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WINS a thing of the past! III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion A. XP Server and XP Corporate Windows XP Pro vs. Windows 2000 Pro Learning to play with 2000 Pro was fun. It challenged me in a great way. I learn some fundamentals about how an OS worked. Then I got to play with XP Pro and fell in love with it the same way I fell in love with 2000 Pro! When I had first heard about Windows XP I at first thought it was going to be another 9x OS for the home computer. Soon I was told that it would also have a Professional one too. But I was learning Windows 2000 and so I dismissed XP once again. My teach, Tony A., said XP was 2000 with a new GUI and this got me thinking more about this OS. If I learn all I can about 2000, learning XP will be a piece of cake! Then one day when I came to class and saw that XP Pro was install on the computer that I was sitting at in class. I got to fool around with it for about two hours and I was hooked! I’m getting ahead of my-self here, let me talk really quickly about XP Home Edition (HE) that is out there! It works more or less like Windows 98 with a little Windows 2000 upgrades. It’s mainly for the home use as it’s the name for the OS. Unlike 98 it don’t just sit on top of your computer. It acts more like 2000 in that it shields the hardware from the software and keeps it from crashing. It loves Plug and Play hardware. It features a 32-bit computing architecture, and a fully protected memory model. Since it’s got a lot of the 2000 built in, it features â€Å"Home Networking† network your home systems like an office! The only draw back is the fact that it use only basic disk, try to use dynamic and you’ll break the OS! The thing with XP HE is that Microsoft is selling the OS as a home entertment center than anything, so I’m not going to hold my breath for anything big to come out of this OS.

Abraham Lincolns Assassination Essay -- slavery, abolition, confedera

Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President of the United States was elected president on November 6, 1860. Not even on the South’s ballot, Lincoln received 40% of the popular vote. As a strong republican, Lincoln believed in the abolition of slavery. Lincoln became president in the highest conflict between North and South in history, and wanted to preserve the Union. He believed that the South should not be punished after the Civil War, because he thought that they had already been punished enough. Abraham Lincoln’s lenient policies along with the effects of the Civil War led to his assassination. In the 1860’s, disputes began to arise about the amount of power that should be given to the State and Federal governments. During this time, the South believed that slaves were private property, and were necessary to their economy; whereas the North wanted to preserve the Union. Just before Abraham Lincoln was about to become President, South Carolina seceded from the Union because they thought the nation was falling apart. Then just two months later, in February of 1861, Mississippi, Texas, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and Louisiana seceded, creating the Confederate States of America. The Confederates, also known as the Southerners then established a capitol in Montgomery, Alabama, electing Jefferson Davis as their President (Miers, E. S. 1865). On March 4, 1865, Abraham Lincoln was re-inaugurated for his second term as the President of the United States. During the War, the Confederates’ general was Robert E. Lee; the best general in the United States, and the Union’s general was Ulysses S. Grant. After several Union victories, including those of Vicksburg and Gettysburg, Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy fell ... ...man, D. J. (2012). Lincoln's last days: the shocking assassination that changed America forever. New York: Henry Holt and Co.. Somerlott, R. (1998). The Lincoln assassination in American history. Springfield, NJ: Enslow Publishers. Swanson, J. L. (2006). Manhunt: the 12-day chase for Lincoln's killer. London: Portrait. The Death of President Lincoln, 1865. (n.d.). The Death of President Lincoln, 1865. Retrieved October 12, 2015, from http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/lincoln.htm The Effect of President Lincoln's Death on National Affairs. (1865, April 17). The New York Times. The Lincoln Assassination and its Aftermath. (n.d.). American Civil War. Retrieved October 14, 2015, from http://www.americancivilwar.asn.au/conf/2006/lincoln_assassination.pdf Redford, R. (Director). (2011). The conspirator [Motion picture]. United States of America: Lions Gate Films.

African American Experience Essay

After the civil war many African Americans thought things would be different, that it would be a new beginning for them. They did gain freedom because many amendments were past so they could gain freedom. Whites didn’t like this though so they passed their own laws to prohibit these amendments and restrict their freedom. The African American experience did not get better after the civil war it actually got worse. The African American experience did not get better because the KKK was still harassing African Americans like they were before the civil war. Then black codes were passed that restricted the freedom of African Americans and then they passed poll tax because they didn’t want African Americans to vote. Another event that happened was the Tulsa race riots that destroyed the town of Greenwood and killed many African Americans. Many people believe that the African American experience got better; however, I have a different opinion. They like to argue that African Americans can vote now, but they passed the grandfather clause and poll tax. That basically made it impossible for African Americans to vote. Or they said that slavery is over so it has improved, but when they passed the black codes they were basically making them slaves again. Overall the African American experience did not improve only worsened after the civil war. The African American experience did not get better because the KKK was still harassing African Americans like they were before the civil war. Then black codes were passed that restricted the freedom of African Americans and then they passed poll tax because they didn’t want African Americans to vote. Another event that happened was the Tulsa race riots that destroyed the town of Greenwood and killed many African Americans. Many people believe that the African American experience got better; however, I have a different opinion. They like to argue that African Americans can vote now, but they passed the grandfather clause and poll tax. That basically made it impossible for African Americans to vote. Or they said that slavery is over so it has improved, but when they passed the black codes they were basically making them slaves again. Overall the African American experience did not improve only worsened after the civil war.

Professional Competence Presentation

University of Phoenix Material North American Colonies Project Part 1: Native American Resources Access and review the Early Native Peoples interactive map link available through the HIS 110 [pic] page. Study the map identifying the regional distribution of Native Americans (also located in Ch. 1). Using the grid, identify the seven regions. Then indicate how each of the native tribes within the regions supported themselves prior to the arrival of European civilizations. Region: |Principle Basis of Subsistence: | |Artic |Fished and hunted seals. | |Northern Forests |Big game hunters. | |Pacific Northwest |Salmon fishing. | |Far West |Fishing, hunting small game, and gathering. | |Southwest |Farming and trading. | |Plains |Farming and hunting. | |Woodlands |Farming, hunting, gathering, and fishing. | 0. 2 Part 2: Contributions GridComplete the Contributions Grid by describing the contributions of the three groups of peoples, Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans, to the creation o f the British North American Colonies. List the aspects of each of these peoples—Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans—that contributed to the development of the British Colonies. | |NATIVE AMERICANS: |EUROPEAN |AFRICANS | |Economic |Fishing, gathering, farming, and hunting. Created goods which they either sold or |Trade with the Mediterranean world: | |Structure | |traded. |ivory, gold and slaves. Economies based | | | | |on resources of the lands they inhabited:| | | | |farming and hunting etc.. | |Political |Tribes had chiefs and the chiefs had |Centralized nation-states. With the |North: Ghana and Mali Empire. |Structure |advisors. |monarchs and their courts as the ultimate|South: A village system that was very | | | |law of the land. |family orientated. | | | | |Both men and women choose leaders of | | | | |their own gender to handle their gender | | | | |affairs. |Social System |Woman had a big part of the social |A class system. There were the ri ch, not |Maternal – families traced through | | |structure. They had big roles in their |so rich and poor. Male gender dominated. |mother’s side. Jobs were separated | | |families too. Most of the jobs and duties| |through gender lines. Women were dominant| | |that were needed to effectively run the | |in trading in farming, while men hunted | | |tribes were allocated along gender lines. |and fished. Women took care of the | | | | |children. | |Cultural Values |Their culture was centered around the |For the most part their cultural values |Ancestor worship and very gender related | | |tribes and the natural world which they |came from the bible and Christianity. |values. Women were almost equal with men | | |in habited. | |in many things they were superior. |Religion |Their religions were derived from the |Different denominations of Christianity. |Islam and various tribal faiths. | | |natural world around them. They had many | | | | |gods which represented eleme nts of the | | | | |natural world in which the different | | | | |tribes lives. | | Part 3: North American Colonies Response Using the Readings found on the [pic] page, prepare a 350- to 700-word response in which you compare and contrast the early British North American colonies; for example, the Virginia colony and the Massachusetts Bay colony: in terms of their goals, government, social structure, and religion. In your response be sure to address the ways in which they were similar and different, and why. Be sure to properly cite any references.The most significant differences between the British colonies in North America lay between the ones in New England and those in the south. The colonies of New England were mainly founded by English people escaping religious persecution in England. While, the colonies in the south were founded mainly for financial gain, though some of the New England colonies were stuck out at first for the same reasons. For example, the colony that wo uld soon become Pennsylvania started out as an attempt to make money by selling land parcels to refuges of English religious persecution and others. In the south he colony that would become Virginia started as a corporate venture by the London Company. The proprietors of this company hoped that if they financed a group (and later groups) of people to come to the new world and set up shop that they would make financial gains off the gold they would find (they were convinced there was gold, because of the success the Spanish had in pursuing it in South America). There were some colonies in New England that were founded solely on the basis of creating the â€Å"perfect† Christian communities by different denominations of the Protestant and Puritan faiths. Among hese were the settlers of Plymouth Rock. Roger Williams and his followers founded Rhode Island in an attempt to get away (for Roger it was because he had been banished from the Massachusetts Bay colony), from religious pe rsecution in the New World by the same people who fled England in attempt to get away from the same. In the south, colonies were mainly set up as corporate ventures as I stated earlier. The first colony of Jamestown was there for gold and other precious goods. While, Maryland and the Carolina colonies were created as an attempt for their proprietors to get rich on land schemes and by taking ortions of the settlers goods i. e. crops and such that they farmed. In terms of goods between the two colonial areas the southern colonies made good in growing tobacco mainly, while, the northern colonies grew crops such as beans, pumpkins and corn. They both at fur trades, but of the two only the New England colonies did not have as much trouble with the natives. Southern colonies battled the native’s for years over the settler’s infringement of more and more of their lands among other things. While, in the New England colonies they did not have as much problems with the Indians.T wo factors contribute to this: 1) By the time settlers reached the New England area many of the natives had already been wiped out by earlier explorer’s diseases. Small Pox among others created deadly plagues in these areas destroyed much of the population prior to their arrival and in the settlers early years there. Since the natives were eventually outnumbered by the settlers, the Indians in this area were way more compromising and in the most part just sold their land off and left. 2) The settlers who came to the New England region were much more respectful of the Indians han their counterparts in the south. For the most part, they started with the idea that the land belonged to the natives, so they would buy or trade for their lands instead of pushing the Indians off like in the south. The majority of settlers in both the New England colonies and those of the south were Christians. They varied in denomination somewhat, but in most colonies charters were created allowing t he freedom of worship to all. Southern and New England colonies had governors or proprietors who were the final word in all issues, but the governors were voted in and most areas had representative assemblies.

Communication Management

Sometimes we want to be everything to everyone and most of the times we figure that it is impossible to be perfect in the eyes of family, friends, and especially employers. Many times we questioned and judged the way people in management handled situations or themselves. When a mini crisis hits the office, most managers are simply reacting to the situation and have not worked or prepared on proactive steps to avoid such mini-daily crisis. The role of managers comes in three flavors, interpersonal, informational and decisional roles. Sometimes with the help of a mentor (s) we can developed all three, but in most cases we find ourselves being good at one or even two, but we are rarely good at all three. Managers that show great skill in the interpersonal role category have the ability to be a liaison between the company and the many contacts outside the company that can help the business grow, become successful or even get out of bankruptcy like in the case of Chrysler. Most of the managers in this category can be seen as a figurehead that simply performs ceremonial duties (James O’Rourke. IV 2013) I honestly have no way to compare this or any type of management style outside my home. I have never been a manager and that would be my greatest weakness in these particular roles. I know that I am capable of representing my family and employer with great pride, as I charter the rough waters and issues, as they come. But, I know that I work hard at planning and being proactive. I am a person that does not let the current crisis take over my life. It takes time to plan and adjust to new situations, and at the end it always pays off to be proactive. If you do prepare for the worse, hoping for the best, you will always be somewhere in the middle and I am good with that. Informational role managers have the ability to collect, analyze and disseminate many kinds of information (James O’Rourke, IV 2013. ) This is who I would consider to be the floor manager. They are constantly moving information among all immediate employees or family member in my case. This would be the manager role I fit into at this point in time within my family group. I am able to the pinpoint the problem and solution to the problem in rder to bring the group together and accomplished our long-term goals. I spend most of the time making sure all parties involved are able to see the issues from another perspective. I can help them reached an agreement on their own without any of the parties feeling as if they did not get what they wanted out of the deal. The last management role is that of the decisional in which the manager finds him or herself determining who gets what resources, how much, when and why (James O’Rourke, IV 2013. ) This manager also act as a negotiator to those with whom he or she deals on a daily basis (James O’Rourke, IV 2013. I think I fit this description well but again with no prior experience it is very hard to determine where you fit or where you do not fit as a manager. I may have some traits or be able to develop others with the help of the right person as my mentor, but as of right now it would be very hard to say what I could do in any specific situation that calls for a hard decision that may impact any other persons career and life in anyway. It is easy to access ones traits and skills at any point in time, but during a crisis our instinct may take or make a different decision than that of what we are on paper. Reference: James S. O’Rourke, IV, Management Communication A Case –Analysis Approach, Pearson

Data Definition Language Essay

Describe the ways in which database technologies could be used by an office stationery supply company to achieve low-cost leadership. Answer: Sales databases could be used to make the supply chain more efficient and minimize warehousing and transportation costs. You can also use sales databases, as well as text mining and sentiment analysis, to determine what supplies are in demand by which customers and whether needs are different in different geographical areas. Business intelligence databases could be used to predict future trends in office supply needs, to help anticipate demand, and to determine the most efficient methods of transportation and delivery. Identify and describe three basic operations used to extract useful sets of data from a relational database. Answer: The select operation creates a subset consisting of all records (rows) in the table that meets stated criteria. The join operation combines relational tables to provide the user with more information than is available in individual tables. The project operation creates a subset consisting of columns in a table, permitting the user to create new tables that contain only the information required. List and describe three main capabilities or tools of a DBMS. Answer: A data definition capability to specify the structure of the content of the database. This capability would be used to create database tables and to define the characteristics of the fields in each table. A data dictionary to store definitions of data elements in the database and their characteristics. In large corporate databases, the data dictionary may capture additional information, such as usage; ownership; authorization; security; and the individuals, business functions, programs, and reports that use each data element. A data manipulation language, such as SQL, that is used to add, change, delete, and retrieve the data in the database. This language contains commands that permit end users and programming specialists to extract data from the database to satisfy information requests and develop applications.

A Survey on Fingerprint Mathing Algorithms

A Survey on Fingerprint Mathing Algorithms In this networked world, users store their significant and less significant data over internet (cloud). Once data is ported to public Internet, security issues pop-up. To address the security issues, the present day technologies include traditional user-id and password mechanism and a onetime password (two-factor authentication). In addition to that, using the inexpensive scanners built into smartphones, fingerprint authentication is incorporated for improved security for data communication between the cloud user and the cloud provider. The age old image processing technique is revisited for processing the fingerprint of the user and matching against the stored images with the central cloud server during the initial registration process. In this paper, various fingerprint matching algorithms are studied and analyzed. Two important areas are addressed in fingerprint matching process: fingerprint verification fingerprint identification. The former compares two fingerprint and says they are similar or not; while the latter searches a database to identify the fingerprint image which is fed in by the user. Based on the survey on different matching algorithms, a novel method is proposed. Keywords: image processing, biometrics, fingerprint matching, cloud, security Introduction Automated fingerprint recognition systems have been deployed in a wide variety of application domains ranging from forensics to mobile phones. Designing algorithms for extracting salient features from fingerprints and matching them is still a challenging and important pattern recognition problem. This is due to the large intra-class variability and large inter-class similarity in fingerprint patterns. The factors responsible for intra-class variations are a) displacement or rotation between different acquisitions; b) partial overlap, especially in sensors of small area; c) non linear distortion, due to skin plasticity and differences in pressure against the sensor; d) pressure and skin condition, due to permanent or temporary factors (cuts, dirt, humidity, etc.); e) noise in the sensor (for example, residues from previous acquisitions); f) feature extraction errors. Fingerprint identification system may be either a verification system or an identification system depending on the context of the application. A verification system authenticates a person’s identity by comparing the captured fingerprint with her/his previously enrolled fingerprint reference template. An identification system recognizes an individual by searching the entire enrolment template database for a match. The fingerprint feature extraction and matching algorithms are usually quite similar for both fingerprint verification and identification problems. Fingerprint – Identification and Verification using Minutiae Based Matching Algorithms Fingerprints are commonly used to identify an individual. Research also suggests that fingerprints may provide information about future diseases an individual may be at risk for developing. Fingerprints are graphical flow-like ridges in palm of a human. Fingerprint is captured digitally using a fingerprint scanner. Fingerprints are commonly used to identify an individual. Research also suggests that fingerprints may provide information about future diseases an individual may be at risk for developing. Fingerprints are graphical flow-like ridges in palm of a human, that are unique amongst human beings. The hardware, fingerprint scanners are becoming low cost devices. The two most important ridge characteristics are ridge ending and ridge bifurcation. Automatic fingerprint identification systems (AFIS) have been widely used. An AFIS consists of two phases: offline and online. In the off-line phase, a fingerprint is acquired, enhanced using different algorithms, where features of the fingerprint are extracted and stored in a database as a template. In the on-line phase, a fingerprint is acquired, enhanced and features of the fingerprint are extracted, fed to a matching model and matched against template models in the database as depicted in the figure 1. Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based identification is the most common used method which has been successfully used in numerous applications. Comparing to other biometric techniques, the advantages of fingerprint-based identification are as detailed below: The minutiae details of individual ridges and furrows are permanent and unchanging. The fingerprint is easily captured using low cost fingerprint scanner. Fingerprint is unique for every person. So it can be used to form multiple passwords to improve the security of the systems. Flow of Diagram representing the Fingerprint Identification The above figure clearly explains the simple methodology of fingerprint verification. In off-line process, the fingerprint of all users are captured and stored in a database. Before storing the raw or original image, the image is enhanced. The fingerprint image when captured for the first time may contain unwanted data ie noise. Because our hands being the most used part of our body may contain wetness, dry, oily or grease; and these images may be treated as noise while capturing the original fingerprint. And hence, to remove the noise, image enhancement techniques like adaptive filtering and adaptive thresholding. Original Fingerprint Image. The standard form factor for the image size is 0.5 to 1.25 inches square and 500 dots per inch. In the above original image, the process of adaptive filtering and thresholding are carried out. The redundancy of parallel ridges is a useful characteristic in image enhancement process. Though there may be discontinuities in a particular ridge, we can determine the flow by applying adaptive, matched filter. This filter is applied to every pixel in the image and the incorrect ridges are removed by applying matched filter. Thereby, the noise is removed and the enhanced image is shown in figure 3. Enhanced Fingerprint Image The enhanced image undergoes feature extraction process wherein: binarization and thinning take place. All fingerprint images do not share same contrast properties as the force applied while pressing may vary for each instance. Hence, the contrast variation is removed by this binarization process using local adaptive thresholding. Thinning is a feature extraction process where the width of the ridges is reduced down to a single pixel. The resultant feature extraction is shown below figure 4. Feature Extraction After Binarization and Thinning The process of minutiae extraction is done as the last step in feature extraction and then the final image is stored in database. Operating upon the thinned image, the minutiae are straightforward to detect and the endings are found at the termination points of thin lines. Bifurcations are found at the junctions of three lines. Feature attributes are determined for each valid minutia found. These consist of: ridge ending, the (x,y) location, and the direction of the ending bifurcation. Although minutia type is usually determined and stored, many fingerprint matching systems do not use this information because discrimination of one from the other is often difficult. The result of the feature extraction stage is what is called a minutia template, as shown in figure 5. This is a list of minutiae with accompanying attribute values. An approximate range on the number of minutiae found at this stage is from 10 to 100. If each minutia is stored with type (1 bit), location (9 bits each for x and y), and direction (8 bits), then each will require 27 bits say 4 bytes and the template will require up to 400 bytes. It is not uncommon to see template lengths of 1024 bytes. Minutiae Template Now, the online process starts. At the verification stage, the template from the claimant fingerprint is compared against that of the enrollee fingerprint. This is done usually by comparing neighborhoods of nearby minutiae for similarity. A single neighborhood may consist of three or more nearby minutiae. Each of these is located at a certain distance and relative orientation from each other. Furthermore, each minutia has its own attributes of type (if it is used) and minutia direction, which are also compared. If comparison indicates only small differences between the neighborhood in the enrollee fingerprint and that in the claimant fingerprint, then these neighborhoods are said to match. This is done exhaustively for all combinations of neighborhoods and if enough similarities are found, then the fingerprints are said to match. Template matching can be visualized as graph matching that is comparing the shapes of graphs joining fingerprint minutiae. A 1:1 matching cannot be carried out and we use a threshold value – termed as match score, usually a number ranging between 0 and 1. Higher the value, higher is the match. Figure 6: Few- Matching in online process Minutiae are extracted from the two fingerprints and stored as sets of points in the two dimensional plane. Minutia-based matching consists of finding the alignment between the template and the input minutiae feature sets, that results in the maximum number of minutiae pairs. 1) Weiguo Sheng et.al In their paper, the authors proposed a memetic fingerprint matching algorithm that aimed to identify optimal global matching between two sets of minutiae. The minutiae local feature representation called the minutiae descriptor that had information about the orientation field sampled in a circular pattern around the minutiae was used by them in the first stage. In the second stage, a genetic algorithm(GA) with a local improvement operator was used to effectively design an efficient algorithm for the minutiae point pattern matching problem. The local improvement operator utilized the nearest neighbor relationship to assign a binary correspondence at each step. Matching function based on the product rule was used for fitness computation. Experimental results over four fingerprint databases confirmed that the memetic fingerprint matching algorithm(MFMA) was reliable. 2) Kai Cao et al A penalized quadratic model to deal with the non-linear distortion in fingerprint matching was presented by the above authors. A fingerprint was represented using minutiae and points sampled at a constant interval on each valid ridge. Similarity between minutiae was estimated by the minutia orientation descriptor based on its neighboring ridge sampling points. Greedy matching algorithm was adopted to establish initial correspondences between minutiae pairs. The proposed algorithm used these correspondences to select landmarks or points to calculate the quadratic model parameters. The input fingerprint is warped according to the quadratic model, and compared with the template to obtain the final similarity score. The algorithm was evaluated on a fingerprint database consisting of 800 fingerprint images. 3) Peng Shi et.al In their paper, the authors proposed a novel fingerprint matching algorithm based on minutiae sets combined with the global statistical features. The two global statistical features of fingerprint image used in their algorithm were mean ridge width and the normalized quality estimation of the whole image. The fingerprint image was enhanced based on the orientation field map. The mean ridge width and the quality estimation of the whole image were got during the enhancement process. Minutiae were extracted on the thinned ridge map to form the minutiae set of the input fingerprint. The algorithm used to estimate the mean ridge width of fingerprint, was based on the block-level on non-overlap windows in fingerprint image. Four databases were used to compute the matching performance of the algorithm. 4) Sharat Chikkerur et.al The local neighborhood of each minutiae was defined by a representation called K-plet that is invariant under translation and rotation. The local structural relationship of the K-plet was encoded in the form of a graph wherein each minutiae was represented by a vertex and each neighboring minutiae by a directed graph. Dynamic programming algorithm was used to match the local neighborhood. A Coupled Breadth First Search algorithm was proposed to consolidate all the local matches between the two fingerprints. The performance of the matching algorithm was evaluated on a database consisting of 800 images. 5) Jin Qi and Yang Sheng Wang They proposed a minutiae-based fingerprint matching method. They defined a novel minutiae feature vector that integrated the minutiae details of the fingerprint with the orientation field information that was invariant to rotation and translation. It captured information on ridge-flow pattern. A triangular match method that was robust to non-linear deformation was used. The orientation field and minutiae were combined to determine the matching score. They evaluated the performance of their algorithm on a public domain collection of 800 fingerprint images. 6) Atanu Chatterjee et.al Another method for fingerprint identification and verification by minutiae feature extraction was proposed by the above authors. Minutiae were extracted from the thinned ridges from the fingerprint images and these feature matrices were applied as input data set to the Artificial Neural Network. Post processing was done to remove false minutia. Back propagation algorithm was used to train the network. Extracted features of the input fingerprint were verified with stored trained weights and threshold values. Experiments were conducted on 160 fingerprint images and the proposed system exhibited an accuracy of 95%. 7) Tsai Yang Jea et.al A flow network-based fingerprint matching technique for partial fingerprints was introduced by. For each minutiae along with its two nearest neighbors, a feature vector was generated which was used for the matching process. Minimum cost flow (MCF) problem algorithm was used to find the one-to-one correspondence between the feature vectors and the list of possibly matched features was obtained. A two hidden layer fully connected Neural Network was proposed to calculate the similarity score. Their experiments on two fingerprint databases showed that using neural networks for generating similarity scores improved accuracy. 8) Marius Tico et.al They have proposed a method of fingerprint matching based on a novel representation for the minutiae. The proposed minutiae representation incorporated ridge orientation information in a circular region, describing the appearance of the fingerprint pattern around the minutiae. Average Fingerprint Ridge period was evaluated to select the sampling points around the minutiae. Matching algorithm was based on point pattern matching. To recover the geometric transformation between the two fingerprint impressions, a registration stage was included. The Greedy algorithm was used to construct a set of corresponding minutiae. Experiments were conducted on two public domain collections of fingerprint images and were found to achieve good performance. 9) Asker M.Bazen et. al A minutiae matching method using a local and global matching stage was presented by Asker M. Bazen et. Al. Their elastic matching algorithm estimated the non-linear transformation model in two stages. The local matching algorithm compared each minutia neighborhood in the test fingerprint to each minutia neighborhood in the template fingerprints. Least square algorithm was used to align the two structures to obtain a list of corresponding minutia pairs. Global transformation was done to optimally register the two fingerprints that represented the elastic deformations by a thin-plate spline (TPS) model. The TPS model describes the transformed coordinates independently as a function of the original coordinates. Local and global alignments were used to determine the matching score. Conclusion This paper, we presented Fingerprint identification and verification based on minutiae based matching. The original fingerprint captures is pre-processed and the pattern is stored in the database for verification and identification. The pre-processing of the original fingerprint involves image binarization, ridge thinning, and noise removal. Fingerprint Recognition using Minutiae Score Matching method is used for matching the minutiae points. Usually a technique called minutiae matching is used to be able to handle automatic fingerprint recognition with a computer system. In this literature review, nine papers are explored and an insight is obtained regarding different methods. References: [1] Weiguo Sheng, Gareth Howells, Michael Fairhurst, and Farzin Deravi,(2007), â€Å"A Memetic Fingerprint Matching Algorithm†, IEEE Transactions On Information Forensics And Security. [2] Aparecido Nilceu Marana and Anil K. Jain, (2005), â€Å"Ridge-Based Fingerprint Matching Using Hough Transform†, IEEE Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 18th Brazilian Symposium pp. 112-119. [3] Koichi Ito, Ayumi Morita, Takafumi Aoki, Tatsuo Higuchi, Hiroshi Nakajima, and Koji Kobayashi, (2005), â€Å"A Fingerprint Recognition Algorithm using Phase-Based Image Matching for low quality fingerprints†, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 2, pp. 33-36. [4] Kai Cao, Yang, X., Tao, X., Zhang, Y., Tian, J. ,(2009), â€Å"A novel matching algorithm for distorted fingerprints based on penalized quadratic model†, IEEE 3rd International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems, pp. 1-5. [5] Anil K. Jain and Jianjiang Feng, (2011), â€Å"Latent Fingerprint Matching†, IEEE Transactions On Pattern Analysis And Machine Intelligence, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 88-100. [6] Unsang Park, Sharath Pankanti, A. K. Jain, (2008), â€Å"Fingerprint Verification Using SIFT Features†, SPIE Defense and Security Symposium, Orlando, Florida, pp. 69440K-69440K. [7] Anil Jain, Yi Chen, and Meltem Demirkus, (2007), â€Å"Pores and Ridges: High-Resolution Fingerprint Matching Using Level 3 Features†, IEEE Transactions On Pattern Analysis And Machine Intelligence, Vol. 29, No.1, pp. 15-27. [8] Mayank Vatsa, Richa Singh, Afzel Noore, Max M. Houck, (2008), â€Å"Quality-augmented fusion of level-2 and level-3 fingerprint information using DSm theory†, Sciencedirect International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 50, no. 1, pp. 51–61. [9] Haiyun Xu, Raymond N. J. Veldhuis, Asker M. Bazen, Tom A. M. Kevenaar, Ton A. H. M. Akkermans and Berk Gokberk ,(2009), â€Å"Fingerprint Verification Using Spectral Minutiae Representations†,IEEE Transactions On Information Forensics And Security, Vol. 4, No. 3,pp. 397-409. [10] Mayank Vatsa, Richa Singh, Afzel Noore and Sanjay K. Singh ,(2009),â€Å"Combining Pores and Ridges with Minutiae for Improved Fingerprint Verification†, Elsevier, Signal Processing 89, pp.2676–2685. [11] Jiang Li, Sergey Tulyakov and Venu Govindaraju, (2007), â€Å"Verifying Fingerprint Match by Local Correlation Methods†, First IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications,and Systems, pp.1-5. [12] Xinjian Chen, Jie Tian, Xin Yang, and Yangyang Zhang, (2006), â€Å"An Algorithm for Distorted Fingerprint Matching Based on Local Triangle Feature Set†, IEEE Transactions On Information Forensics And Security, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 169-177. [13] Peng Shi, Jie Tian, Qi Su, and Xin Yang, (2007), â€Å"A Novel Fingerprint Matching Algorithm Based on Minutiae and Global Statistical Features†, First IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems, pp. 1-6. [14] Qijun Zhao, David Zhang, Lei Zhang and Nan Luo, (2010), â€Å"High resolution partial fingerprint alignment using pore–valley descriptors†, Pattern Recognition, Volume 43 Issue 3, pp. 1050- 1061. [15] Liu Wei-Chao and Guo Hong-tao ,(2014), † Occluded Fingerprint Recognition Algorithm Based on Multi Association Features Match â€Å", Journal Of Multimedia, Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 910—917 [16] Asker M. Bazen, Gerben T.B. Verwaaijen, Sabih H. Gerez, Leo P.J. Veelenturf and Berend Jan van der Zwaag, (2000), A correlation-based fingerprint verification system , ProRISC 2000 Workshop